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Benjamin Banneker (November 9, 1731October 9, 1806) was a free African American almanac author, surveyor, naturalist and farmer. Born in Baltimore County, Maryland, to a free African American woman and a former slave, Banneker had little formal education and was largely self-taught. He is known for being part of a group led by Major Andrew Ellicott that surveyed the borders of the original District of Columbia, the federal capital district of the United States. Banneker's knowledge of astronomy helped him author a commercially successful series of almanacs. He corresponded with Thomas Jefferson, drafter of the United States Declaration of Independence, on the topics of slavery and racial equality. Abolitionists and advocates of racial equality promoted and praised his works. Although a fire on the day of Banneker's funeral destroyed many of his papers and belongings, one of his journals and several of his remaining artifacts are presently available for public viewing. Parks, schools, streets and other tributes have commemorated Banneker throughout the years since he lived. However, many accounts of his life exaggerate or falsely attribute his works. ==Early life== Benjamin Banneker was born on November 9, 1731, in Baltimore County, Maryland to his mother Mary, a free black, and his father Robert, a freed slave from Guinea.〔(Bedini, 2008 )〕 There are two conflicting accounts of Banneker's family history. Banneker himself and his earliest biographers described him as having only African ancestry.〔(1) Banneker, Benjamin (August 19, 1791): "Sir, I freely and cheerfully acknowledge, that I am of the African race, and in that color which is natural to them of the deepest dye; ....". In ( Image of page 6 ) ''in'' "COPY OF A LETTER FROM BENJAMIN BANNEKER, &c. Maryland, Baltimore County, August 19, 1791", in ''(Copy of a letter from Benjamin Banneker to the secretary of state, with his answer. )'', p. 6. (Printed and sold by Daniel Lawrence, no. 33. North Fourth-Street, near Race. Philadelphia M.DCC.XCII. (1792) ) ''in'' official website of (University of Virginia Library ). Retrieved 2015-01-21. (2) McHenry, James (April 20, 1791): "Benjamin Banneker, a free black, is about fifty nine years in age; he was born in Baltimore county; his father was an African, and his mother, the offspring of African parents." In (Letter from James McHenry regarding Benjamin Banneker (Baltimore: April 20, 1791) ) ''in'' Phillips, p. 115. (3) Latrobe, John H. B., Esq. (1845): "His father was a native African, and his mother the child of natives of Africa; so that to no admixture of the blood of the white man was he indebted for his peculiar and extraordinary abilities." In (Latrobe, p. 6. )〕〔 (Full text (PDF) )〕 None of Banneker's surviving papers describe a white ancestor or identify the name of his grandmother.〔 However, later biographers have contended that Banneker's mother was the child of Molly Welsh, a white indentured servant, and an African slave named Banneka.〔 The first published description of Molly Welsh was based on interviews with her descendants that took place after 1836, long after the deaths of both Molly and Benjamin.〔〔Tyson〕 Molly may have purchased Banneka to help establish a farm located near what eventually became Ellicott's Mills, Maryland, west of Baltimore.〔Toscano〕 One biographer has suggested that Banneka may have been a member of the Dogon tribe that were reported to have knowledge of astronomy.〔Cerami, pp. 7, 15〕 Molly supposedly freed and married Banneka, who may have shared his knowledge of astronomy with her.〔Corrigan〕 Although born after Banneka's death, Benjamin may have acquired some knowledge of astronomy from Molly.〔 In 1737, Banneker was named at the age of 6 on the deed of his family's farm in the Patapsco River valley in rural Baltimore County.〔 At Google Books.〕〔(1) (Glawe ) “Richard Gist 1737 Robert Bannaky Benjamin Bannaky +conveyance+ This indenture made this tenth day of March in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred thirty seven between Richard Gist of Baltimore County in the province of Maryland grant of the one part, Robert Bannaky and Benjamin Bannaky this now of the County and province aforementioned of the other part, Witnesseth that the deed Richard Gist for and in consideration of the sum of seven thousand pounds of tobacco whence paid to the said Richard Gist the receipt whereof he do able by these presents acquits and discharges them the said Robert Bannaky and Benjamin Bannaky his son thereon heirs and assign for over one hundred acres of land lying in the said county circumscribed by the bounds hereafter by profit being the moiety of a hundred acres of land. J. Wells Stokes” (2) Facsimile of handwritten deed conveying property from Richard Gist to Robert Bannaky and Benjamin Bannaky. ''In'' 〕 He lived on the farm for nearly all of his life. As a young teenager, Banneker met and befriended Peter Heinrichs, a Quaker who established a school near the Banneker farm.〔Cerami, pp. 24-26〕 Quakers were leaders in the anti-slavery movement and advocates of racial equality (see Quakers in the Abolition Movement and Testimony of equality). Heinrichs shared his personal library and provided Banneker with his only classroom instruction.〔 Banneker's formal education ended when he was old enough to help on his family's farm.〔(Latrobe, p. 7. )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Benjamin Banneker」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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